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2015考研英语辅导长难句语法突破指导

发布时间：2011/10/28 17:36:39 来源：城市学习网编辑：admin

　　I。长难句特点剖析：

　　要应对长难句，就要了解其特点，所谓知己知彼，百战百胜。分析历年长难句，将其主要特点总结如下：

　　特点一：句子长，字数多

　　例如：

　　Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others。(41 words)(2003完形)

　　From the middle-class family perspective，much of this，understandably，looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility，and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders。(45 words)(2007阅读3)

　　Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong。(45 words)(2009阅读3)

　　特点二：成分多，分析难

　　1。成分复杂

　　例如：

　　Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”， a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. (2002阅读4)

　　其中包含although引导的让步状语从句、that引导的宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、条件状语从句，又包含there be句型，以及各种非谓语动词的使用等。

　　When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (2003阅读3)

　　其中包含时间状语从句、it作形式主语、宾语从句、并列平行结构、让步状语从句以及主语从句。 [NextPage]

　　2。分隔结构

　　例如：

　　I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”， and making the alternative move into “ownshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. (2001阅读5)

　　谓语discovered与其后的宾语从句that abandoning…and making…brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status被as引导的状语从句分隔。

　　Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp. and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. (2007阅读4)

　　主语Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year与谓语have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities被介词短语作的伴随状语分隔，分隔部分作主句的补充说明。

　　3。倒装结构

　　例如：

　　On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. (2008-48)

　　乍一看，很多学生会误以为as well founded是accept的并列谓语，但又注意到founded是过去式或过去分词的形式，而accept用的是原形，因此排除并列谓语的可能。那么as well founded 作什么成分？实际上经过分析，本句使用了倒装(参见倒装章节)，提前了宾语补足语as well founded(有根据的)，这是由于宾语charge包含了一个后置定语以及一个同位语从句，因句子过长作者调整了语序。

　　Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. (1995阅读5)

　　本句中，否定词nor提在句首，if引导的条件状语从句作分隔结构，主语management和系动词is间发生了倒装。 [NextPage]

　　II。长难句攻关

　　一、长难句攻关第一步：熟悉各大语法要素的重点难点

　　无论长难句句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的，也就是词、短语、从句和分句。定位长难句我们可以从它的时态、语态、表现形式(从句、并列结构、分隔现象)，以及一些特殊句型(省略、倒装)等入手。因此，具有扎实过硬的语法功底，并熟悉各大语法要素的重点难点，是我们解决长难句的基础。

　　各大语法要素的重点难点总结如下：

　　1。定语从句要明确主句与从句之间的关系以及关系代词或关系副词的指代；

　　2。名词性从句要掌握主句与从句之间的关系以及同位语从句的修饰补充作用；

　　3。状语从句要重视主句与从句之间的逻辑关系；

　　4。非谓语动词要熟悉其功能和作用以及与主句之间的关系；

　　5。被动语态要清楚句子中的施动者和受动者；

　　6。倒装句要抓住句子的主体以及强调的重点；

　　7。省略句要重视被省略的成分在句子中传达的信息；

　　8。并列平行结构要分析两个并列分句之间的语义关系；

　　9。否定句要区别其意义上全部否定或者部分否定的表达；

　　10。比较结构要找出互比的对象以及比较内容；

　　11。分隔要注重被分隔部分的正确连接等。

　　二、长难句攻关第二步：按照语法结构要素拆分长难句

　　考研英语中的长难句一般涉及如下几种重要的语法项目：定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、非谓语动词、被动语态、比较结构、否定句、虚拟语气等。我们可根据以下几个原则将长难句拆成各个语法分项，逐一击破。

　　(一)并列转折原则

　　长难句由于句子较长，多表现为并列结构。我们可以以破折号、分号、并列连词and或or、转折连词but，yet，while等为切入点，将各个长句断为分句。

　　(二)主句从句原则

　　各种从句的交替出现是长难句的显着特点之一，我们可以从各种从句的标志性引导词入手(定语从句的关系代词或副词who, whom, whose, which, that, as, when, where, why, how; 名词性从句的关系代词或关系副词who, whom, which, what, that, whether, when, where, why, how等；状语从句的when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, though, although, so that等)将各个分句断为主句和从句。

　　(三)短语成分原则

　　无论是主句还是从句，都是由词和短语构成的。这其中，介词短语或者不定式短语由于充当定语或状语的枝叶成分而成为我们解决的重点。常见的介词有on, in, with, at, of, to，by等；而不定式短语的标志词是to(后接动词原型)。找出并暂时去掉介词短语或不定式短语能帮助我们迅速抓住句子的主干，而将其妥善还原，则有利于对句子的正确理解。

　　下面以具体实例来说明这三个步骤的结合应用。

　　Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe。(2005-46)

　　首先，我们应用并列转折原则：

　　本句的并列转折关系在破折号和and处体现，以其为切入点，得到两个并列分句

　　Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed

　　—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe。

　　然后，根据主句从句原则：

　　本句前一分句有引导定语从句的标志性关系代词which，在此处划分，得到主句和从句

　　Television is one of the means

　　by which these feelings are created and conveyed

　　最后，按照短语成分原则：

　　本句中，后一分句末尾出现了to connect，即不定式结构，在标志词to处断开，得到

　　—and perhaps never before has it served so much as in the recent events in Europe

　　to connect different peoples and nations

　　将拆分步骤的思路理清，总结：