2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（5）
发布时间：2012/10/30 22:16:05 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
Some political pressures can have negative effects on the growth of knowledge, while others can have positive effects. xue.netples of some positive effects of other political movements on science are the roles played by the environmental movements, AIDS activism, the race-based civil rights movement, and, most recently, the nutrition and anti-smoking movements. Attention, also, to issues that concern women's movements can enhance our understanding of the philosophical and social aspects of science and technology.
Consider two changes in the traditional philosophy of science to which women' s movements have contributed. The first has to do with the assumption of neutrality in the research process. Is maximizing the objectivity of research always advanced by maximizing the social neutrality of research processes? The neutrality ideal is maximally effective when it is invoked in contexts where social beliefs differ among members of the scientific #munity. But how is it useful in detecting social assumptions shared by an entire scientific #munity--women and men alike--such as assumptions about women's biological inferiority? In such cases it takes political involvement to move scientific institutions to question prevailing assumptions. Moreover, the neutrality ideal cannot recognize or provide resources for distinguishing between social or political assumptions that tend to obstruct the growth of knowledge and those that could advance it. We need strong objectivityto detect the most foundational assumptions that shape our own belief systems.
In a related way, attention to women's concerns has helped to reveal the value of cognitive diversity in the scientific process. Just as biodiversity is invaluable for human well-being, so, too, is cognitive diversity. Few any longer question women's ability to apply the scientific method or to organize #plex research projects, even if they do sometimes approach their work in ways less favored by their male colleagues. The human intellectual repertoire consists of many styles and many ways of organizing the production of knowledge. There exists no justifiable scientific or philosophic reason to restrict them to the small numbers that have been favored at particular times and places. Thescientific method can be enhanced by our appreciation of the wealth of intellectual resources to be gained by valuing and promoting cognitive diversity.
Womensissues matter to women in science and technology fields, and in society at large. I have suggested how they also matter to the sciences as such, in ways perhaps initially unexpected. The resources that women's issues make available to the sciences have not been fully realized. Too often women's interests in and desires for knowledge are #promised to satisfy #peting economic or political agendas. [429 words]
1. The first paragraph is written to tell us the ______on science.
A. positive effects of women's movements
B. roles played by some political movements
C. negative effects of some political movements
D. positive effects of some political movements
2. In the author's opinion, the social neutrality of research processes ______.
A. has not been justified
B. tends to be ineffective
C. is the most fundamental assumption
D. sometimes enhances the objectivity of research
3. We can learn from this passage that
A. biodiversiy is of no value at all
B. cognitive diversity is of no value at all
C. cognitive diversity is of great value to science
D. cognitive diversity is as valueless as biodiversity
4. It is believed that women are ______.
A. incapable of applying the scientific method
B. good at organizing less #plex research projects
C. inferior to men both biologically and psychologically
D. prone to use ways different from men's in scientific researches
5. This passage is mainly about ______.
A. intellectual resources
B. attention to women's issues
C. the benefits of science and technology
D. women's interests in and desire for knowledge [NextPage] 难句透析
①[If you leave a loaded weapon lying around']，it is bound to go off sooner or later.Snow-covered northern Europe heard the gunshot loud and clear when Russia cut supplies tO Ukraine this week as part of a row about money and power，the two eternal battlegrounds of global energy].
【结构】第一个方括号部分是“If”引导的条件状语从句。第二个方括号部分是“When”引导的时间状语从句。
【释义】如果你把装满子弹的武器随处乱放，迟早会走火。大雪覆盖的北欧清楚地听到了响亮的枪声，本周俄罗 斯中断了对乌克兰的石油供应，这是对金钱和权利争吵的结局，而金钱和权利是全球能源问题所涉及的两个永无 休止的争论题目。
②For years Europeans had been telling themselves[that a cold—war enemy（which had supplied them without fail） could still be depended on（now it was an ally）].
【结构】方括号部分是“had been tellin9”的宾语从句。
【释义】俄罗斯在冷战时期曾以敌人的姿态为欧洲人提供石油，且从未中断。这使得欧洲人多年来一直认为，这 个敌人既然都变成了盟友，当然可以继续依靠了。
⑨But it was an un#fortable glimpse of the dangers for a continent[that imports roughly half its鼬s and expects to be importing 80％of its gas by 2030 much of it from Russia].examda
【结构】方括号部分是“continent”的后置定语从句。其中有两个并列的谓语动词“imports”和“expects”。
【释义】欧洲大陆用的石油大约一半靠进口，预计到2030年将有80％靠进口，而且主要靠从俄罗斯进口。看到所 冒的风险，着实令人不安。
④[When producers had the upper hand in the oil embargo of l 973—743，Arab members of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries（OPEC）cut supply，sowing turmoil and a global recession. [When consumers had the upper hand in the early l990s]，the embargo cut the other way.
【结构】两个方括号部分都是“When”引导的时间状语从句。
【释义】1973年至1974年石油禁运时，产油国处于有利地位，石油输出国家组织（OPEC）中的阿拉伯成员国削减 供给，引发混乱和全球经济不景气。90年代初石油消费国处于有利地位时，石油禁运的后果刚好相反。
⑤[With oil costing$60 a barrel five times more than the nominal price in l 999，and spot prices for natural gas in some European and American markets at or near record levels]，power has swung back to the producers for the first time since the early 1980s. examda
【结构】方括号部分是介词短语“with…”，用做状语。介词“with”后面跟有两个并列的宾语。
【释义】当石油价格达到每桶60美元，即比1999年的标称价格高5倍多，天然气的现货价格在欧洲和美国一些 市场达到或接近最高记录的水平时，自80年代初以来，能源权力首次回到产油国手中。 [NextPage] 全文翻译
如果你把装满子弹的武器随处乱放，迟早会走火。大雪覆盖的北欧清楚地听到了响亮的枪声，本周俄罗斯中断了对乌克兰的石油供应，这是对金钱和权利争吵的结局，而金钱和权利是全球能源问题所涉及的两个永无休止的争论题目。横跨整个中欧直至法国的大西洋海岸线上各国的石油供应减少了三分之一还多。俄罗斯在冷战时期曾以敌人的姿态为欧洲人提供石油，且从未中断。这使得欧洲人多年来一直认为，这个敌人既然都变成_r盟友，当然可以继续依靠了。但突然之间，一切都不再是确数了。
由于担心其作为主要石油供应国的声名受损，俄罗斯还是尽快地恢复了石油供应并弥合了其与乌克兰之问的分歧。欧洲大陆用的石油大约一半靠进口，预计到2030年将有80％靠进口，而且主要靠从俄罗斯进口。看到所冒的风险，着实令人不安。此举在美国也并不受欢迎，美国还就此事批评了俄罗斯的战略举措。它的担心当然是有根据的：因为它消耗了世界上四分之一的原油，但只产出3％的相关产品。在随后的几年当中，世界原油的供应者看上去将会集中在中东各国，特别是沙特阿拉伯。与此同时，俄罗斯的原油也不失为一个好的选择。
对以能源作为战略武器的担忧由来已久。1973年至1974年石油禁运时，产油国处于有利地位，石油输出国组织（OPEC）中的阿拉伯成员国削减供给，引发混乱和全球经济不景气。90年代初石油消费国处于有利地位时，石油禁运的后果刚好相反。1990年萨达姆·侯赛因入侵科威特之后，全世界以每天禁运两国500万桶产油量的经济制裁来迫使其从科威特撤兵。
当石油价格达到每桶60美元，即比1999年的标称价格高5倍多，天然气的现货价格在欧洲和美国一些市场达到或接近最高记录的水平时，自80年代初以来，能源权力首次回到产油国手中。没人能说清今天这样紧俏的市场需求能持续多长时间。“我们去时花了多少时间，回来时也得用掉那么多时间。”位于华盛顿的PFC能源机构主席罗宾·威斯特做出了如上评论。也有一群喜欢大惊小怪的人着书立说，打着《石油之死》这样的标题，预言说由于地下储油量已不多因此生产商总能掌握定价权。其实，问题在于消费者到底应该担心到什么程度，能源安全到底面临着怎样的威胁，以及针对这些威胁世界各国应怎样应对？这些问题的答案都提示着我们需要进行详尽的计划并认清现实，而不是一味地恐慌。
超纲词汇
activism n.行动（第一）主义，激进主义
AIDS abbr.艾滋病
coopt vt.补选
repertoire n.（准备好的）节目；（计算机的）指令表；（某个人的）全部技能
参考答案：1.A 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.B
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