2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（13）
发布时间：2012/10/30 22:32:35 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
[英译汉]
Individuals must be distributed among occupations in such a way as to serve two basic purposes. First, the labourer must be placed where he is most productive--making certain that Enrico Fermi be#es a physicist rather than a chef and that there are not too many plumbers and too few electricians.（1）Second, the individual worker should be given an occupation that is congenial to him: since he will spend a large part of his life at work, it will be a better life if he can choose the type he prefers.
（2） The price of labour is the instrument by which workers are distributed among occupations : wages in rapidly growing occupations and rapidly growing parts of the nation are higher than in corresponding employment in declining occupations and areas. The choice of occupation involves, however, much more than simply a #parison of wage rates. The following are a few of the #plications: The wages of an occupation must as a rule be sufficient to #pensate the costs of training. The wages of an occupation must be sufficient to #pensate special disadvantages （such as a large chance of unemployment）。 Wages must be higher in large cities than in small because living costs are higher in large cities. Wages must #pensate workers for their additional skill as they acquire experience （they usually reach a peak of earnings between ages 40 and 55） and thereafter decline as the workers efficiency declines. Wages will reflect differences in taxation, fringe benefits （pensions, vacations）， etc. Accordingly the wage structure even for a single occupation in a single city is elaborate. （3）When a single wage （price） is imposed upon an occupation, labourers are no longer properly distributed by wages;for example, a city school system that pays all teachers of given experience the same wage finds it difficult to staff its less attractive schools.
The preferences of the individual worker cannot be given full play, or each person would be#e president of the corporation at a sumptuous salary. （4）Yet the labourer may choose to live in California rather than Maine then the price system will incite employers to move their operations to California, where they can hire this labourer more cheaply. （5）The labourer may prefer to work long hours or short hours, and employers are induced by wage offers to cater to the labourer's diverse preferences. In fact it is equally appropriate to speak of the worker buying conditions of work and of the employer buying the services of the worker. examda.[418 words]
【参考译文】
（1）其次，应该给每人安排最适当的工作。人的一生大部分时间都用于工作。如果一个人能选择他最喜欢的工作，那么，他的一生就会更美好。
（2）劳动力的价格是用来给人分配职业的手段。迅速发展的行业和一个国家内迅速发展的地区的工资水平要高衰退的行业和经济疲软地区相应就业的工资水平。
（3）当某行业实行单一工资制（劳动力价格制）时，就不能再依靠工资适当安排劳动者就业。例如：如果某城市的学 校系统给所有资历相同的教师都付相同工资，条件较差的学校就难以找到教师了。
（4）不过，劳动者或许会有所选择，不愿去缅因州而愿生活在加利福尼亚州。那么，价格机制就会激励雇主把业务 迁到加州，在加州可以更廉价地雇到劳动者。
（5）劳动者对工时长短各有偏好，雇主可以靠调节工资来迎合劳动者的不同偏好。实际上，既可以说工人买的是工 作条件，同样也可以说，雇主买的是工人的服务。 [NextPage] 【句结构解析】
（1）Second，the individual worker should be given an occupation Ethat is congenial to him]：Esince he will spend a large part of his life at work]，it will be a better life[-if he can choose the type（he prefers）].
（2）The price of labour is the instrument[-by zohich workers are distributed among occupations]：wages[in rapidly growing occupations and rapidly growing parts of the nation]are higher than[-in corresponding employment in declining occupations and areas].
（3）[When a single wage（price）is imposed upon an occupation]，labourers are no longer properly distributed by wages：for example,a city school system[-that pays all teachers of given experience the Same wage]finds it difficult to staff its less attractive schools.
（4）Yet the labourer may choose tO live in California rather than Maine；then the price system will incite employers to move their operations to California，。where they con hire this labourer more cheaply].
（5）The labourer may prefe，to work long hours or short hours。and 2'employers are induced by wage offers[to cater to the labourer'S diverse preferences].In fact it is equally appropriate[to speak l'of the worker buying conditions of work and“of the employer buying the services of the workers.
全文翻译
个人必须通过分配职业这样一种方式来达成两种目的。首先，劳动者必须被安排到他最具效率的岗位上，要确定恩里克·费米是物理学家而非厨师，还要确定管道工人和电工数量别太多。（1）其次，应该给每人安排最适当的工作。人的一生大部分时间都用于工作。如果一个人能选择他最喜欢的工作，那么，他的一生就会更美好。
（2）劳动力的价格是用来给人分配职业的手段。迅速发展的行业和一个国家内迅速发展的地区的工资水平要高于衰退的行业和经济疲软地区相应就业的工资水平。然而，职业选择并不仅仅跟比较工资水平相关。它还跟下列一些因素有关：①通常，一个职业的工资必须足够支付培训费用。②职业工资必须足够补偿特殊的不利条件（比如失业的可能性较大）。③大城市的工资必须比小城镇的工资要高，因为前者的消费水平较高。④随着工人不断获得经验，必须支付工人额外的技术水平（工人通常在40到55岁之间达到工资最高水平），此后随着工作效率降低工资也开始减少。⑤工资会反映税款，附加福利（养老金，假期）等等方面的区别。据此，甚至一个城市中单个职业的工资结构都制定得非常详细。（3）当某行业实行单一工资制（劳动力价格制）时，就不能再依靠工资适当安排劳动者就业。例如：如果某城市的学校系统给所有资历相同的教师都付相同工资，条件较差的学校就难以找到教师了。
单个劳动者的偏好不能充分发挥作用，否则每个人都会成为公司老总，享受优厚的工资待遇。（4）不过，劳动者或许会有所选择，不愿去缅因州而愿生活在加利福尼亚州。那么，价格机制就会激励雇主把业务迁到加州，在加州司以更廉价地雇到劳动者。（5）劳动者对工时长短各有偏好，雇主可以靠调节工资来迎合劳动者的不同偏好。实际上，既可以说工人买的是工作条件，同样也可以说，雇主买的是工人的服务。
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