2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（17）
发布时间：2012/10/30 22:40:12 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
We maintain that in general a focus on positive information benefits welbbeing.However，there are probably conditions when a chronic tendency to focus on positive material is maladaptive.One such context，we presumed，is decisionmaking，especially when options include both positive and negative features.①When making decisions，negative features of options often have higher diagnostic value.If a person who is deciding whether to renew a health care plan remembers that she likes her physician but forgets that the plan does not pay for the hip surgery she needs，a suboptimal decision could be made.② Corinna and I designed another study with two primary aims：to see whether in a decision context older people would review positive features of options more than negative features；and if this was the case，to see if we could eliminate the effect by modifying goals with instructions.③Using #puter-based decision scenarios，60 0lder and 60 younger adults were presented with positive，negative，and neutral information about ostensible health care options.Some scenarios presented characteristics of physicians. Others presented features of health care plans.The information was hidden behind colored squares，and participants had to click on the square to see the information.They were told that positive information was behind white squares and negative information was behind black squares.We then observed how often participants examined the positive information versus the negative information.Later we tested their memory for the information.As we predicted，older adults reviewed and recalled a greater proportion of positive information than did younger adults.Most important，participants in one group were repeatedly reminded t0“focus on the facts”and in this group the preference for positive information disappeared.
Human need is the basis for virtually all of science.If we rise to the challenge of an aging population by systematically applying science and technology to questions that improve quality of life in adulthood and old age，longer—lived populations will inspire breakthroughs in the social，physical，and biological sciences that will improve the quality of life at all ages.④Longevity science will reveal ways to improve learning from birth to advanced ages and to deter age—related slowing in cognitive processin9.Longevity science will draw enormously on insights about individuals'genomic predispositions and the environmental conditions that trigger the onset of disease.⑤Longevity science will help us understand how stress slowly but surely affects health.Most of the challenges of longer-lived populations will require interdisciplinary collaborations.Psychological science must be a part of this process. [414 words]
1.The author holds that when making decisions, ______
A.positive information should be focused
B.all options should be carefully diagnosed
C.negative information should be considered
D.maladaptive information should be avoided
2.It can be inferred from the text that______
A.a suboptimal decision originates from negative information
B.an optimal decision primarily results from positive information
C.negative information is less beneficial than positive information
D.both positive and negative information is needed for decision making
3.The study made by the author and Corrinna shows that______
A.older people focus more on positive information
B.there are more positive features than negative ones
C.younger people focus more on negative information
D.it is easier for positive information to be remembered
4.The author argues that longevity science______
A.improves the quality of life for both old and young
B.contributes to the improvement of biological functions
C.meets the challenge of longer life in developed nations
D.inspires breakthroughs in various disciplines of sciences
5.According to the text，it is advisable to be aware of______
A.the negative features of options
B.the dark side of the positive effect
C.the challenge of an aging population
D.the typical process of decision making [NextPage] 难句透析
①One such context，we presumed，is decisionmakin9，especially when options include both positive and negative features].
【结构】两个逗号之间的“we presumed”是插入语。方括号所标示的“when options include…features”用做时间状语从句。
【释义】我们认为，做决定就属于这种过程，特别是当选项既涉及积极因素又涉及消极因素时，更是如此。
②Uf a person（who is deciding（whether tO renew a health care plan））remembers（that she likes her physician but forgets（that the plan does not pay for the hip surgery she needs>）]，a suboptimal decision could be made.
【结构】方括号所标示的“If a person…remembers…”用做条件状语从句；圆括号所标示的“who is decidin9…”用做“person”的后置定语从句；尖括号所标示的动词不定式短语“whether tO renew…plan”用做“is decidin9”的宾语。圆括号所标示的“that she likes…but forgets…”用做“remembers”的宾语从句；尖括号所标示的“that the plan does not pay for…”用做“forgets”的宾语从句；用斜体字标示的“she needs”用做“hip surgery”的后置定语从句。
【释义】在决定是否续办一份医保时，如果申请人记得某个大夫不错，却忘了该医保不承担她需要做的髋部手术费用，所做的决定可能就不太明智。
③Corinna and I designed another study with two primary aims：“tO see[-whether in a decision context older people would review positive features of options more than negative features]；and”[if this was the case]，to see[if we could eliminate the effect by modifying goals with instructions].
【结构】冒号后面，由分号和“and”连接的两个并列的动词不定式短语“tO see whether…features”和“…to see if…instructions”补充说明“two primary aims”。
方括号所标示的“whether…features”和“if…instructions”分别是两个“to see”的宾语从句。
【释义】我和科琳娜合作构思了另外一项研究。该研究有两个主要目的：第一，想弄清岁数大的人做决定时，是不是更关注选项的积极因素，而不是消极因素；其次，如果果真如此，看看我们能否通过指导修订目标，从而消除这种影响。
④Uf we rise to the challenge of an aging population by systematically applying science and technology tO questions（that improve quality of life in adulthood and old age）]，longer-lived populations will inspire breakthroughs in the social，physical，and biological sciences[that will improve the quality of life at all ages].
【结构】方括号所标示的“If we rise to…”用做条件状语从句；圆括号所标示的“that improve quality…old age”用做“questions”的后置定语从句。方括号所标示的“that will improve…ages”用做“sciences”的后置定语从句。
【释义】如果我们奋起应付人口老龄化的挑战，按部就班地应用科学技术来解决那些有助于提高成年人和老年人生活质量的问题，人口寿命延长将引发社会科学、自然科学和生命科学的重大突破，进而使各年龄段人口的生活质量都得以提高。
⑤Longevity science will draw enormously on insights about individuals'genomic predispositions and鼬the envi— ronmental conditions[-that trigger the onset of disease].
【结构】 用上标数字标示的两个名词短语“individuals'genomic predispositions”和“the environmental conditions…”用做介词“about”的并列宾语。方括号所标示的“that trigger the onset of disease”用做“conditions”的后置定语从句。
【释义】长寿学将主要依靠对个体基因倾向的理解以及对引发疾病的环境因素的认识。
参考注释
1.根据第一段中的“When making decisions，negative features of options often have higher diagnostic value”可知，选 项C应为答案。
2.根据第一段，做决定时，不仅要考虑“positive information”，而且要考虑“negative information”，所以，选项D应为 答案。
3.根据第二段第一句“Corinna and I designed another study…to see whether…older people would review positive features of options more than negative features；…”和该段中的“As we predicted，older adults reviewed and recalled fl greater proportion of positive in／ormation than did younger adults”可知，选项A应为答案。
4.根据第三段中的“Longevity science will reveal ways to improve learning from birth to advanced ages and to deter age-related slowing in cognitive processin9”可知，选项A应为答案。
5.第一段第二句“However，there are probably conditions when a chronic tendency tO foCLIS on positive material is maladaptive”是本文的主题句。所以，选项B应为答案。 [NextPage] 全文翻译
我们认为，一般情况下，关注积极的信息有益于健康。尽管如此，当关注积极信息的惯常趋势行不通时，就有可能出现状况。我们认为，做决定就属于这种过程，特别是当选项既涉及积极因素又涉及消极因素时，更是如此。做决定时，选项的消极因素往往会出现更高的诊断价值。在决定是否续办一份医保时，如果申请人记得某个大夫不错，却忘了该医保不承担她需要做的髋部手术费用，所做的决定可能就不太明智。
我和科琳娜合作构思了另外一项研究。该研究有两个主要目的：第一，想弄清岁数大的人做决定时，是不是更关注选项的积极因素，而不是消极因素；其次，如果果真如此，看看我们能否通过指导修订目标，从而消除这种影响。利用基于计算机的决定场景，我们为60位岁数大的人和60位年轻人，就虚拟的健康选项，提供了积极、消极以及中性的信息。有些场景提供了医师的特征，其他场景提供了健康计划的特色。这些信息被隐藏在彩色的方框后面，参与者必须在方框打勾才可看到该信息。他们被告知白色方框后面是积极的信息，黑色方框后面是消极的信息。然后，我们就观察参与者对积极信息与消极信息进行检查的频率。之后，我们对他们记忆的信息进行测试。正如我们所预料的那样，年纪大的人能回忆起的积极信息的比例高于年纪小的人。最重要的是，曾反复提醒一组参与者“关注事实”，该组并没有偏重积极信息。
事实上，人类的需要是所有科学的基础。如果我们奋起应付人口老龄化的挑战，按部就班地应用科学技术来解决那些有助于提高成年人和老年人生活质量的问题，人口寿命延长将引发社会科学、自然科学和生命科学的重大突破，进而使各年龄段人口的生活质量都得以提高。长寿学将会揭示一些方法，可以提高人从出生到年老整个一生的学习能力，减缓认知过程随年龄的退化。长寿学将主要依靠对个体基因倾向的理解以及对引发疾病的环境因素的认识。长寿学可以帮助我们理解压力如何影响健康，影响虽然缓慢，但确实存在。人口长寿引发的大多数挑战都需要跨学科合作。心理学必然是其中一部分。
超纲词汇
Chronic adj.慢性的，长期的
Maladaptive adj.不适应的
Option n.选择；供选择的事物；选项
Diagnostic n.鉴别的，诊断的
Suboptimal adj.未达最佳标准的，不最理想的
Scenario n.设想，方案
Ostensible adj.表面的，伪装的，假象的
deter vt.阻止，制止，防止
Genomic adj.基因组的
Predisposition n.倾向（偏爱，素质）
参考答案：1.C 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.B
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