Education
1.“培养”(人才)怎么译?
“培养”可译做 train, turn out 或 produce,如:
turn out large numbers of skilled workers
have trained...assistant and middle level technicians
the college produces very good interpreters.
有时“培养”也译做foster,如:
to foster activists培养积极分子
2.“工作单位”怎么译?
我国出版的英文报刊常把“工作单位”译作“work unit”,unit一词在英语中经常用不 指“部队”;翻译时如能用具体的词,如school, factory, hospital, company等可能更明白易懂。若指为特殊目的成立的机构(如医院,学校,公司等),也可考虑用institution一词代替。原工作单位也可译作the institution at which one used to work。
3.program一词的意思
program有syllabus(课程提纲)或curriculum(一个学校,专业,或学科的全部课程)的意思,如今也用来表示学校开设的“专业”,如:We have a MA program in literature/an intercultural communication program,或学校所设的“(训练)部”,如:the un language training program;Mr. Lin is in charge of the Chinese program in our university.
补充一些有关教育的词汇:
project hope 希望工程
the credit system 学分制
a double BA degree system 双学士制
students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 定向招生
key university 重点大学
center for post-doctoral studies 博士后科研流动站
specialty 专业
college/university of science and engineering 理工科大学
normal university;teachers' university 师范大学
polytechnic university 工业大学
agricultural university 农业大学
medical university 医科大学
institute of traditional Chinese medicine 中医学院
Economy and Reform
1.reform一词的搭配法
reform可以和以下动词连用:
accomplish/effect/initiate/make/start reforms
bring about reforms
carry a reform into effect
advocate/propose/urge reforms
“深化改革”在我国出版的英语报刊上常译成deepen reform.一般说deepen做及物动词时常与knowledge, understanding一类词连用。“深化改革”中的“深化”就是“进一步”的意思,可译成:
intensify the rural reform
further carry out reforms
as the reform further develops/is carried forward/is pushed forward
2.“改革开放”的表达法
“改革开放”可译成the policy of reform and opening up 或the reform and the open policy。切不可与the open-door policy(“门户开放”政策)混淆。“进一步开放”或“门要开得更大”可译成reform and opening up went one step further;further reform and opening up。
“加快改革开放的步伐”可译成accelerate the pace of reform and opening up。
3.“坚持”怎么译?
“坚持”可以译作adhere to, persevere in, persist in, hold on to, stick to, keep to等,如:
adherence to the socialist road, to communist party leadership, to the people's democratic dictatorship and to Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zetong thought.
adhering to a coordinated and balanced program of development.
persevere in the pursuit of 1 central task and 2 basic points
persisting in reform and opening up
hold on to socialism
stick to this attitude
keep to the socialist orientation
adhere to 的意识是“坚持维护,支持”,“信仰坚定”,“忠于”,如:“坚持党的基本路线”可译作 adhere to the party's basic line,“坚持无产阶级国际主义”可译作adhere to proletarian internationalism。
persevere in 和persist in 一般用于行动,都有“在困难或遭到反对的情况下继续”的意思;但persevere in 带褒义,表示“不屈不挠”,而persist in 带贬义,表示“顽固,不听开导”,如:
perseverance means success.
persevere in one's studies/armed struggle
persist in one's errors/asking insulting questions
hold one to 的意思是“抓住不放”,用于beliefs, ideas, principles时表示“坚持信仰”,即使他人影响或情况使人产生怀疑,也不改变或放弃,如:
hold on to one's views
stick to 的意思是“粘住,不离”;和choice, decision, principle, belief 等词连用时,也有“不变,不放弃”,“坚持”的意思。
keep to 有“不离”,“不违背”,“遵守”的意思,如:
keep to the main road
keep to prearranged plan
keep to 用于decision,belief,rules时有“坚持”的意思。此外,“坚持”也可译作insist on, keep up, uphold 等。
insist on 多用于意见,主张,表示“硬要”,“坚决要求”,如:
we insist on an interview before we accept any ma candidate.
she insisted on her innocence.
he insisted on going innocence.
keep up 的意思是“继续”,如:
keep up one's studies/piano practice/the attack/the good work
uphold 的意思 是“支持”,赞同“,可和law, principle, system, practice连用,表示“坚持”。“我们党坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的世界观”可译作our party upholds dialectical materialism and historical materialism as its world outlook.
工业
1.“达到”怎么译?
“达到”可用reach或amount to,但amount to 表示几个部分相加后得到的总和,和add up to,total,number的意思一样。
2.operation一词的意思
operation有“运转”,“操作”,“工作”等意思,因此工厂“投入生产”,铁路“开始通车”,公司“开始营业”等都可能go into/step into/begin operation(s),如:
the factory went into operation in1992.
operation还有“经营”的意思,“经营机制”是operation mechanism,“经营自主”是autonomy in operation.“扩大生产/经营”可用expand operation 表达,如:
The enterprise expanded its operation into an iron and steel complex.
3.capacity一词的意思
capacity表示最大生产量,容量或运载量,如:
annual production capacity
freighters with a total capacity of 100,000 tons
capacity 也表示人的“能力”,“才干”,“本领”,如:
not working to capacity意思是“本领没有使出来”,“才干没有完全发挥”。
4.同义词、近义词辨析:
1)factory, plant, works, mill, complex等:
factory, plant, works, mill 都是工厂.
factory 泛指一般工厂,如 food factory, tractor factory
plant 多指电器业或机械制造业,一般用于以下工厂:
water power plant, machine-building plant, chemical plant。
works 多用于钢铁等重工业,如 iron and steel works, gas works, cement works。
mill 原意是“磨坊”,现泛指“工厂”,多用于轻工业,尤其是纺织工业,如:
cotton/textile/silk/woolen mill, lumber/saw mill, steel mill, heavy steel rolling mill
complex 指“联合企业”,如 chemical complex, iron and steel complex, building complex。
在现代报刊中,以上用法大都依照习惯,有时没有明确界限或区别。值得注意的是有些词专指特殊的工厂,如smeltery 冶炼厂、foundry 铸造厂、tannery制革厂。
2) equipment, facility:
equipment 和 facility 都可译作“设备”,“器材”,但equipment 是不可熟名词,指用于某一特殊目的的东西,供给品,装备等。如:
a completer of equipment
an important piece of equipment
basic kitchen equipment
stereo equipment
facility 是可数名词,常用复数形式。facilities指为一特殊活动或目的所提供的种种便利,包括设备、建筑物和服务等等。如:
production facilities
facilities for study
facilities for travel