五、句子的结构
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。
(一) 主语的重复
名词+代词+谓语，这个代词永远是重复的主语，永远是错的
例：Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any
A B
compromises concerning the establishment of the
C D
League of Nations.
分析：代词he不是同位语，主语重复；如果是下面这样的主语，那么便是主语同位语
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson
例：Two unique features of the Arctic they are
A B
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground.
C D
分析：选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复
(二)谓语的重复
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语，往往改为定语从句
例：A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of
A B
one or more sentences related to the same idea.
C D
分析：B错，应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词，而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线，故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。
(三)谓语的缺少
例：Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body
A B
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be.
C D
分析：A错，应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词，故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。
(四)主句的重复
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来，因为它们都是副词或者介词，连接两个句子应该用连接词连接
例：Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite
A B C
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die.
D
分析：C错，应改为though。despite是介词，后面一般接名词作宾语，而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子，所以改为连词though。
例：Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow
A B
sweeps across the face of the Earth.
C D
分析：B错，应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句，根据题意改为从属连词when或as。
例：Even many early leaders of the United States have provided
A B
names for towns, only George Washington
C
is remembered in the name of a state.
D
分析：A错，应改为Even though。even为副词，不能引导从句，根据题意，改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。
六、比较级和最高级
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则，一共有5个出题方向，并且每次考试必然考两个
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复
例：The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which
A
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom.
B C D
分析：A错，应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级，不必再用most，这是最高级形式上的重复
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用
例：The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses.
A B C D
分析：B错，应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词，须在前面加most构成最高级。
例：The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere
A B C D
is the grizzly bear.
分析：A错，应该用最高级most，含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级
改错题中，通常会看见than前面有一个原级
例：Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with
A B
concepts of time and space than stage directors can.
C D
分析：B错，应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式，注意far, much 修饰比较级。
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级
as sweeter as, 这是不对的，应改为as sweet as
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词
the taller boy
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以
例：Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed
A B
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is
abundant, and humidity is moderate.
C D
分析：副词的最高级加不加the均可， 所以A正确，从从句的主语可以看出，B应该改为they
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话，加不加the均可以
例：Of all the Native Americans in the United States,
A B C
the Navajos form largest group.
D
分析：D错，应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。
陷阱1， earliest, 有两种可能，
一种可能是early的最高级，最早的语言，the earliest language
另一种可能作名词，表示早期，必须和时间的名词连用，earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代，很早的时代，也就是说，如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the
例：The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many
A B C
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans.
D
分析：A错，应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。
陷阱2，如果最高级前面有所有格的话，不用加the
例如：my best friends
例：Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial
A B C
and banking center.
D
分析：C错，应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词，它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。
例：Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary
A
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers.
B C D
分析：A错，are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语，而不是定语七、平行结构
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构
(一) 对等连接词
一共有三类连接平行结构的词
单一式： and, or ,but
相关式： both…and, not … but,
either …or, neither…nor
the same…as；as…as, not so…as, not as…as
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and,
not only…but also(also可以省略)，Not only +主谓，also
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well,
短语式： as well as
rather than (而不是)
other than (除…之外)
instead of (代替)
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的，另一个单词却不对
例：John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,
A B
but he is now living in Detroit.
C D
分析：B错，应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法，不能用since …to…。
例：Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics
A B
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford
remained active in city and regional planning.
C D
分析：B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半
(二)平行的内容
第一、引导词性的平行，词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行
例：Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of
A B
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally,
C D
or yearly periods of light and darkness.
分析：D错，应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中，daily和yearly是形容词，seasonally是副词，故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods，三个形容词的平行，词性平行
第二、名词单复数的平行
但是如果既有可数名词，又有不可数名词，可以不平行
例：The main advertising media include direct mail,
A B C
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper.
D
分析：D错，应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词，在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式，并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。
例：The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate,
A B
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world.
C D
分析：海岸气候只有一个，但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个，所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行；因此D没有错，A错改为have
第三、时态的平行
例：The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated
A
with the imagist movement , but later develops
B
her own thyme patterns and verse forms.
C D
分析：B错，应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时，与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。
例：Because the papaya grows readily from seed , -----
spread from its home in Central America and
now grows throughout the tropics.
(A) to be (B) it
(C) the (D) its
分析：正确答案为（B）。空格前是原因状语从句，后面紧接着是谓语动词，空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式，没有数的变化，因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢？
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播，现在在整个地方传播，now只修饰后面的grow
例：Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ----
commercially for their meat and eggs.
(A) raised (B) and are raised
(C) raised as (D) are raised
分析：正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子，根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则，B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选（B）。
第四、排列位置的平行
例：---the surface of metal, but also weakens it.
(A) Not only does rust corrode
(B) Not only rust corrodes
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes
(D) Rust not only corrodes
分析：正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知，not only也须置于动词前，故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了，C使句子缺主句，故排除。
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种：
1、主语+not only +谓语，but also+谓语，正确；例如上面例题中的第四个选项。
2、Not only +主谓，but also+主谓，正确
3、Not only +主语+谓语，but also+谓语，错误
八、词序的颠倒
词序的颠倒一般只考一道，90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向
(一) 先说形容词，再说名词
例：The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage
A B
that can be given to any individual in the United States.
C D
分析：B错，军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military，单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。
(二) 副词+形容词+名词
例：Certain types of computers work properly only
A B
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures.
C D
分析：D错，应改为precisely controlled，精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词，修饰它的副词应放在其前面，它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语
例：During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were
A B C
in what is now the United States.
D
分析：C错，应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。
所有的系动词分为三大类：
第一种：表示保持某种状态，
is, remain, keep, stay,
lie, exit(表示位于)
第二种，从一种状态转变到另一种状态
become, turn, grow,
get (It is getting warmer and warmer)
第三种，感官动词
seem(好像是)
look(看起来好像是)
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste
enough修饰形容词或副词时，一般放在形容词或副词后面。
例： The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe
A B
to cause numerous deaths.
C D
分析：B错，应改为sever enough。severe是形容词， enough放在severe后面。
九、词性的混用
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要，但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握，将会弥补词汇量的不足。
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用
做表语永远用形容词，绝对不能用副词；
例：Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high
A B
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and
C
when they are in captivity they breed poorly.
D
分析：错，应改为are rare。rarely为副词，不能作表语，故改为形容词rare(罕见的，稀少的)
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用
后面加宾语当然要用动名词
例：Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds
A B
and keeping the soil in the best condition to
C
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting.
D
分析：A错，应改为preparing。preparation为名词，后面不能接宾语，改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语，又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。
例：Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's,
A
was concerned with the depicting the experience of
B C
urban Black people in the United States.
D
分析：C错，应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词，作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of，但略显累赘，因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词，这个动名词其实就变为了名词。
(三)表示时间时，状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用
表示时间有两种可能，
一种是状语从句，由when and while引导，后面加句子
另一种是由介词引导，如during，后面加名词，
考试中往往就利用这个特点，总是给出相反的情况
例：Balloon observations for military intelligence
A B
were made while the American Civil War.
C D
分析：D错，应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词，后面接句子，后面是名词短语时，应改为介词during。
例：Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the
A B C
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen.
D
分析：C错，应改为in。while为连词，后面要求接从句，而句中显然没有从句，故根据题意改为介词in。
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词，但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢？当然不行。
例：Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social
A
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations.
B C D
分析：B错，应改为and。also是副词，不能连接并列的谓语动词，故改为并列连词and。
例：Paper is strong under tension instead crumples
A B C
easily under the stress of compression.
D
分析：C错，应改为but；题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强，而在压力的作用下容易起皱；instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列，but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用
例：An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine
A B
article that gives personal comments on current events.
C D
分析：A错，应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”，根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。
例：For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars,
A
which produce sound from the vibration of the strings.
B C D
分析：A错，应改为musicians。music是抽象名词，意为“音乐”，不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词；不能用形容词
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200；
two hundred diligent students