题目是若干个陈述句(statement),要求根据原文所给的信息,判断每个陈述句是对(Right)、错(Wrong),还是未提及(Not Mentioned)。
在这里我们必须明确一下“关键词”的有关知识理论:(一)关键词的确定依据:1.在文章中出现频率较低;2.醒目好找,有利于及时确定答案。(二)关键词是指:1.名词或名词性短语;2.形容(幅)词或形容(副)词性短语;3.专有名词;4.数字或年代。(三)关键词的例外原则:1.文章标题中的单词一般不宜作为关键词;2.在文章中出现频率较高的词一般不宜作为关键词;3.动词一般不宜作为关键词。(四)关键词的优先原则:1.短语优先于单词作为关键词;2.形容(副)词的比较级、最高级优先于原级作为关键词。
将题目中的关键词与每段话的第一句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落,这必将大大加快解题时间,并提高准确率。但并不是每个题目都能先定位到原文中的一个段落的。
题目是有顺序性的。第一题的答案应在文章的前部,第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后。总的来说,靠前边的题在靠前边的段落寻找答案;反之亦然。这个规律也有助于同学们确定答案的位置。
【原文】Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 years ago.
【题目】The first cases of dyslexia in Europe were discovered less than a century ago.
【解释】题目中discover, less than a century ago与原文中的recognize, more than 80 years ago是同义表达,因此答案应为Right。
【原文】Dinosaurs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise.
【题目】Biologists are unable to explain why Dinosaurs are dying.
【解释】题目中的are unable to与原文中的are at a loss to是同义词,题目中的why Dinosaurs are dying与原文中的their demise是同义词,所以答案应为Right。
【原文】Women could not take part and were forbidden, on pain of death,even to attend the Games.
【题目】The spectators, as well as the participants, of the ancient Olympics were male.
【解释】题目中的spectators与原文中的attend是同义词,题目中的participants与原文中的take part是同义词,所以答案应为Right。
【原文】However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females, and it is found more of ten in persons who are left-handed.
【题目】Generally speaking, dyslexia is more common in left-handed males than in right-handed females.
【原文】Before the widespread use of computers, the information either reached managers too late or was too expensive to be used. Today, the information provided by computers helps managers compare standards with actual results, find out problems, and take corrective action before it is too late to make changes.
【译文】计算机广泛应用之前,信息要么到达经理处太迟,要么费用太贵而用不起。今天,计算机提供的信息能够帮助经营者比较标准与实际结果,发现问题,并及时采取纠正措施。
【题目】Equipped with computers, managers today operate their firms with higher efficiency and less cost than they used to.
【原文】A man begins to explore the fat problem in the early 30’s.
【题目】Men usually begins to worry about their weight when they are nearly 40.
【原文】Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants.
【题目】Our direct contact with plants grows with the process of industrialization.
【解释】原文中用“the more ... the farther”的句型表明我们与植物之间的接触越来越少,而题目中用“grow”表明我们与植物之间的接触越来越多,此两种情况正好截然,相反,所以正确答案应为Wrong。
【原文】You may qualify for the Common Interest Group system, if you are one of at least ten adults who are traveling together.
【题目】The Common Interest Group 10 scheme does not apply if there are 11 adults in the group.
2.第二种情况:原文是多个条件并列,题目是其中一个条件(出现must或only)。
原文是两个或多个情形(通常是两种情形)都可以,常有both ... and、and、or及also等词。题目是“必须”或“只有”其中一个情况,常有must及only等词。
【例1】
【原文】Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all Daybreak tours are subject to demand. Subject to availability, stand-by tickets can be purchased from the driver.
【译文】我们强烈建议提前预定,因为所有的Daybreak旅行都是由需求决定的。如果还有票的话,可直接向司机购买。
【题目】Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent.
【译文】票必须提前从一个认证的代理处购买。
【解释】原文是提前预定、直接向司机购买都可以,是多个条件的并列。题目是必须提前预定,必须是其中一个情况。所以答案应为Wrong。
【例2】
【原文】Since the Winter Games began, 55 out of 56 gold medals in the men’s Nordic skiing events have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union.
【译文】自从冬奥会开始,在男子越野滑雪项目的56块金牌中的55块被来自北欧和前苏联的选手获得。
【题目】Only Scandinavians have won gold medals in the men’s winter Olympics.
【译文】只有北欧人获得了冬奥会男子项目中的金牌。
【解释】原文是北欧人和前苏联的选手获得了金牌,而且是获得了56块中的55块,还有1块不知道被谁获得。题目是只有北欧人获得了金牌。所以答案应为Wrong。
【例3】
【原文】Apart from the Second World War period the Winter Olympics were held every four years, a few months before the summer Olympics. But in 1986 the IOC changed the schedule so that the summer and winter games would be held in different years. Thus, for the only time in history, the Lillehammer (Norway) Games took place just two years after the previous Winter Olympics which were held in Alvertville, France.
【译文】除了第二次世界大战期间,冬奥会每四年举行一次,在夏季奥运会之前的几个月。但在1986年,国际奥委会改变了安排,使得冬奥会和夏季奥运会能在不同的年份举行。因此,历史上第一次,在法国Albertville冬奥会之后两年就举行了Lillehammer(挪威)运动会。
【题目】One Winter Olympics has succeeded another every four years since 1924 with a break only for the Second World War.
【译文】自从1924年,冬奥会每四年成功举行一次,其中只有一次例外,是因为第二次世界大战。
【解释】原文提到有两次例外。一次是第二次世界大战,一次是1986年国际奥委会做了一个改变。而题目说只有一次例外。所以答案应为Wrong。
3.第三种情况:原文为人们对于某样事物的理论或感觉,题目则强调是客观事实或已被证明。
原文强调是一种“理论”或“感觉”,常有feel, consider及theory等词。题目强调是一种“事实”,常有fact及prove等词。
【例1】
【原文】But generally winter sports were felt to be too specialized.
【译文】但一般来说,冬季项目被感觉是很专门化的。
【题目】The Antwerp Games proved that winter sports were too specialized.
【译文】Antwerp运动会证明冬季项目是很专门化的。
【解释】原文中有feel,强调是“感觉”。题目中有prove,强调是“事实”。所以答案应为Wrong。
【例2】
【原文】Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs.
【译文】另一种理论是世界范围温度的升高破坏了青蛙的生长周期。
【题目】It is fact that frogs' breeding cycles are upset by worldwide increases in temperature.
【译文】一个事实是青蛙的生长周期被世界范围温度的升高所破坏。
【解释】原文中有theory,强调是“理论”。题目中有fact,强调是“事实”。所以答案应为Wrong。
4.第四种情况:原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的词。
原文中常用many(很多),sometimes(有时)及unlikely(不太可能)等词。题目中常用all(全部),usually(通常),always(总是)及impossible(完全不可能)等词。
【例1】
【原文】Snakes are sometimes poisonous.
【译文】蛇有时是有毒的。
【题目】Snakes are usually poisonous.
【译文】蛇通常是有毒的。
【解释】原文中有sometimes,强调是“有时”。题目中有usually,强调是“通常”。所以答案应为Wrong。
【例2】
【原文】Without a qualification from a reputable school or university, it is unlikely to find a good job.
【译文】不是毕业于著名学校的人不太可能找到一个好的工作。
【题目】It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.
【译文】不是毕业于著名学校的人找到一个好工作是完全不可能的。
【解释】原文中有unlikely,强调是“不太可能”。题目中有impossible,强调是“完全不可能”。所以答案应为Wrong。
5.第五种情况:原文中包含条件状语,题目中去掉条件成分。
原文中包含条件状语,如if,unless或if not,也可能是用介词短语表示条件状语,如in,with,but for或except for。题目中去掉了这些表示条件状语的成分。这时,答案应为Wrong。
【例1】
【原文】The Internet has often been criticized by the media as a hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users.
【译文】Internet通常被媒体指责为是年轻的计算机用户手中的危险工具。
【题目】The media has often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous.
【译文】媒体经常指责Internet,因为它是危险的。
【解释】原文中有表示条件状语的介词短语in the hands of young computer users,题目将其去掉了。所以答案应为Wrong。
(三)Not Mentioned
1.第一种情况:题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及。
题目中的某些内容在原文中找不到依据。
2.第二种情况:题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围,也就是更具体。
原文涉及一个较小的范围的范畴,而题目是一个具体的概念。也就是说,题目中涉及的范围比原文要小。
【例1】
【原文】Our factory club provides printer.
【译文】我们工厂提供打印机。
【题目】Our factory club provides color printer.
【译文】我们工厂提供彩色打印机。
【解释】题目中涉及的概念“color printer”比原文中涉及的概念“printer”要小。换句话说,工厂提供打印机,但是彩色的还是黑白的,不知道或都有可能,文章中没有给出进一步的信息。所以答案应为Not Mentioned。
【例2】
【原文】Tourists in Spain come mainly from Europe.
【译文】到西班牙旅游的游客主要来自欧洲。
【题目】Tourists in Spain come mainly from the UK.
【译文】到西班牙旅游的游客主要来自英国。
【解释】题目中涉及的概念“UK”比原文中涉及的概念“Europe”要小。原文只说到西班牙旅游的游客主要来自欧洲,有可能主要来自英国,也可能主要来自欧洲的其他国家,文章中没有给出进一步的信息。所以答案应为Not Mentioned。
3.第三种情况:原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、保证、发誓等,题目是事实。
原文中常用aim(目的),purpose(目的),promise(保证),swear(发誓)及vow(发誓)等词。题目中用实义动词。
【例1】
【原文】Mary vowed she would never come back.
【译文】玛丽发誓她将永不回来。
【题目】Mary never came back.
【译文】玛丽没再回来。
【解释】原文中说她发誓将永不回来,但实际怎么样,不知道。也可能她违背了自己的誓言。所以答案应为Not Mentioned。
【例2】
【原文】His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport.
【译文】他的目的是把各国的运动员每四年一次聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上。
【题目】Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.
【译文】只有业余运动员被允许在现代奥运会中竞争。
【解释】原文中用aim表示“目的”,题目用实意动词表示“事实”。把各国的运动员聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上,这只是创建者的目的,实际情况如何,文章中没说,所以答案应为Not Mentioned。
4.第四种情况:题目中有比较级,原文中没有比较。
【例1】
【原文】In Beijing, a vast array of ethnic and local restaurants can be found to suit all palates and pockets.
【译文】在北京,有各种各样的餐馆。
【题目】There is now a greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Beijing than in the past.
【译文】现在有更多种类的餐馆可供选择。
【解释】原文中提到了北京有各种各样的餐馆,但并没有与过去相比,所以答案应为Not Mentioned。
注意:
1.谨遵原文内容,不能凭借自己的知识。
原文是判断答案的惟一根据。所以,无论你对文章的内容或背景多么的熟悉,或者你的知识面是多么的丰富,都不能凭借自己的知识来确定答案。即使题目中说“太阳是从西方升起的”,如果文章中没说,你只能答Not Mentioned,不能答Wrong。
【例】
【原文】His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport.
【译文】他的目的是把各国的运动员每四年一次聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上。
【题目】Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.
【译文】只有业余运动员被允许在现代奥运会中竞争。
【解释】有的同学会认为,现在奥运会中有很多职业运动员参赛,所以答Wrong。但很可惜,这是你自己的知识,文章中没说,所以答案应为Not Mentioned。
有些题目需要根据原文做适当的推断,才能确定正确答案,但必须是根据原文来做推断,不能做毫无根据的推理。而且一般来讲,即使有推理,也只推一步,不要推得很深。有些阅读水平较好的同学,如不掌握前面的规律和方法,做这种题型反而错得更多,主要原因就是想得太多,或推理得太多和太深。
2.题目中若出现must, only, all及always等时,答案一般不会是Right。
题目中出现这些词很常见,95%的答案都不是Right。笔者只遇到过一次题目中出现了must而答案为Right的情况。题目中出现上述这些词,答案是Wrong还是Not Mentioned,就不一定,需要根据上面讲的规律再做判断,一般答案是Wrong的比例更大一些。不看原文,下面几个题目的答案都是Wrong。
(1) Europeans learned all of what they knew of edible wild plants from Aborigines.
(2) Before the dry plate process short exposures could only be achieved with cameras held in the hand.
3.答案选择有一定的规律。
如下的较实用规律要作为解题技巧牢记在心:
(1)三种答案(Right/Wrong/Not Mentioned)都要出现。
(2)可以连续三题答案都一样,如都是Right,但还没有过连续四题答案都一样。连续三题答案都一样的情况也不多见。
4.要相信自己的第一感觉,不要轻易改答案,除非你非常肯定自己做错了答案。
在考试中,除非有特别强的理由,否则不要轻易改答案,人的第一感觉往往是正确的。很多同学都将正确的答案改错了。
5.要注意上述规律和方法的运用,不要钻牛角尖。
这种题型本身有一定的缺陷,即不严密。所以,上述规律和方法若能理解就最好,如不能理解,就记住它们,考试时,照着做就可以了,这些规律都经过实践的检验。
第三节 例题讲解
【例1】
Dyslexia
As many as 20% of all children in the United States suffer from some form of the learning disorder called dyslexia.
Experts on dyslexia say that the problem is not disease. They say that persons with dyslexia use information in a different way. One of the world's great thinkers and scientists, Albert Einstein was dyslexic. Einstein said that he never thought in words the way that most people do. He said that he thought in pictures instead. The American inventor Thomas Edison was also dyslexic. Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 year ago. Many years passed before doctors discovered that persons with the disorder were not mentally slow or disabled. The doctors found that the brains of persons with dyslexia are different. In most people, the left side of the brain — the part that controls language — is larger than the right side. In persons with dyslexia, the right side of the brain is bigger. Doctors are not sure what causes this difference. However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males that in females, and it is found more often in persons who are left-handed. No one knows the cause of dyslexia, but some scientists believe that it may result from chemical changes in a baby's body long before it is born. They are trying to find ways to teach persons with dyslexia. Dyslexic persons think differently and need special kinds of teaching help. After they have solved their problems with language, they often show themselves to be especially intelligent or creative.
1. One out of five American children suffers from dyslexia.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
2. Many great thinkers and scientists in the world are dyslexic.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
3. The first cases of dyslexia in Europe were discovered less than a century ago.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
4. The left side of the brain in a dyslexic person is bigger than the right side.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
5. Generally speaking, dyslexia is more common in left-handed males that in right-handed females.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
6. It is believed that dyslexia is related to the bad habits of a baby's mother.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
7. Dyslexic people often turn out to be intelligent or creative once they have learned to handle language properly.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案及详解:
1.题目中的关键词是one out of five和American children. 根据顺序出题的特点,我们很快在原文第一段中找到答案,其中one out of是20%的同义改写,American children是all children in the United States的同义改写,因此该题的答案为A. Right。
2.题目中的关键词great thinkers and scientists. 我们在第二段中找到答案所在句。但是通过对比我们发现,原文中的限制词是one of,而题目中却是many。再仔细阅读文中发现,文中仅提到爱因斯坦和爱迪生为读写困难症的患者,并未讲述除爱因斯坦和爱迪生以外的思想家和科学家的情况,因此该题的答案为C. Not Mentioned。
3.题目中的关键词是专有名词Europe,我们很快在第二段第五行找到答案所在句。通过对比题目和答案所在句,我们发现从recognize → discover, more than 80 years ago → less than a century ago都属于同义改写,但惟一有差别的是文中提到的两个地方:Europe和the United States在80多年前发现了读写困难症病例,但题目中仅仅提到了Europe。对于这个问题,我们可以进行如下推理:设A = Europe,B = the United States,实际上这道题就变为这样一道推理题:如果A + B正确,那么A是否正确?实际上很简单:A + B成立(正确)的充分必要条件是 正确,即A正确或者B正确。经过这样的推理,我们知道该题的答案应为A. Right。
4.题目中的关键词是bigger,我们很快在第二段第九行找到答案所在句。该句题目属反义表达,所以该题选B. Wrong。
5.题目中的关键词是more common。答案所在句在第二段第十句。对答案所在句必须进行逻辑分析,我们才能得出正确结论。设A = males,B = females,C = left-handed,D = right-handed。根据答案所在句前半句我们知道:A > B,根据后半句我们知道,C > D,于是我们进行如下推导: 即 以上可知,该题答案为A. Right。
6.题目中的关键词应为bad habits和baby’s mother,但是通读全文,我们只找到了无关信息baby’s body,由此可见,该题正确答案为C. Not Mentioned。
7.题目中的关键词是intelligent or creative,我们在全文最后一句找到答案,通过对比,我们知道:show themselves to be → turn out to be, solve → handle等均属同义表达,所以该题正确答案是A. Right。
【例2】
Named after an ex-Governor of New South Wales, Sydney is the state's capital city. Located on the south-east of Australia in the temperate zone, it enjoys a mild climate, averaging 14.5 hours of sunshine pet day in summer and 10.25 hours in winter. It is also the largest, oldest, and perhaps most beautifully situated city in Australia. First established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788, it is a modern cosmopolitan city that has developed into one of the nation's major industrial, business, and manufacturing centres.
Sydney is home to nearly 4.4 million people (as of 1997). The suburbs reach out from the city centre and harbour some 55km to the north, 35km to the west and 30km to the south, creating a metropolitan area of about 3000 square kilometres. The 57 square kilometer harbour is one of the largest in the world, and famous for the unmistakable 134 metres high arch of the Harbour Bridge and the graceful sails of the Opera House. It is a busy waterway with ferries, freighters, hydrofoils and pleasure craft.
Not far from the city centre are the attractive old residential suburbs of Balmain, Glebe, and Paddington, where many people live in smart terraced houses, art galleries, pubs, and restaurants abound in the cosy streets that tend to be quite narrow, whereas the suburbs surrounding the city's cosy streets that tend to be quite narrow, whereas the suburbs surrounding the city's colleges and universities consist mainly of family homes and multi-unit blocks — an ideal situation for students looking for a homestay, or to rent. Sydney's newer suburbs now have a large multicultural population, and local shopping centres reflect the influences of many cultures.
As well as scores of cinemas and theatres throughout the city and suburbs, there are numerous clubs which appeal to people of all ages, and cater for all tastes. Pubs are the venue for smaller modern bands, while the big-name popular music artists, both local and international, attract capacity audiences at the huge Entertainment Centre in the heart of the city.
In Sydney, a vast array of ethnic and local restaurants can be found to suit all palates and pockets. In summer, cafe patrons often sit outside at tables under umbrellas, and enjoy the passing parade of shoppers. Students who prefer to cook at home can choose from several large weekend markets, where fresh fruit, fish, and vegetables may be bought more cheaply than at the local supermarket. Sydney also has its own China town.
In the heart of the city are several big department stores linked by enclosed over-the-street crossings and underground walkways. Most noticeable are the towering centre point complex and the Queen Victoria Building, both containing many shopping arcades, coffee shops and restaurants. Out of town, in the suburbs, there are huge regional shopping centres. At the weekend markets, bargains can be had when shopping for clothing as well as for a wide range of assorted goods.
Australia is recognised as one of the most sports-conscious nations in the world. Sydney boasts an impressive number of facilities for all types of indoor and outdoor sporting activities. Wherever one goes, there are golf courses, cricket pitches, football ovals, tennis and squash courts, and, of course, indoor and outdoor swimming pools. Avid ice-skating and ten-pin bowling fans will find that these activities are also popular and inexpensive.
1. Sydney was first established as a settlement for convicted criminals.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
2. Sydney Harbour is the largest in the world.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
3. The streets of Paddington are not very wide and contain houses arranged in rows.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
4. The Entertainment Centre is only for international popular music artists who attract large audiences.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
5. There is now a greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Sydney than in the past.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
6. Some department stores in Sydney are joined by walkways above and below the ground.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
7. Australians are sports-minded people, but this is not realised by the rest of the world.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
答案及详解:
1.题目中的关键词是first,对应原文的第二段,其中有一句:First established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788,是题目的同义表达,答案为Right。
2.题目中的关键词是Harbour,对应原文的第三段,其中有一句:The 57 square kilometer harbour is one of the largest in the world. 原文说悉尼港是世界最大的港口之一,题目讲悉尼是世界最大的港口。题目的范围小于原文的范围,答案为Not Mentioned。注意,答此题不能凭借自己的知识,事实上,世界最大的港口是荷兰的鹿特丹,但文章当中没说,所以不能答Wrong。
3.题目中的关键词是Paddington,对应原文的第四段,其中有一句:Paddington, where many people live in smart terraced houses, art galleries, pubs, and restaurants, abound in the cosy streets that tend to be quite narrow. terraced 对应题目中的arranged in rows, quite narrow 对应题目中的not very wide,原文和题目是同义表达,答案为Right。此题主要考词terraced的意思,目前考试中,很少考对一个词的理解。
4.题目中的关键词是entertainment,对应原文的第五段,其中有一句:the big-name popular music artists, both local and international, attract capacity audiences at the huge Entertainment Centre in the heart of the city. 原文说both local and international,题目说only for international。原文是两个条件并列,题目是only其中一个条件。答案为Wrong。
5.题目中的关键词是restaurants,第六段原文中提到了悉尼有各种各样的餐馆,但并没有与过去相比,答案为Not Mentioned。
6.题目中的关键词是department stores,快速阅读原文第七段落第一句为:In the heart of the city are several big department stores linked by enclosed over-the-street crossings and underground walkways. linked by 对应题目中的joined by,原文和题目是同义表达,答案为Right。
7.题目中的关键词是sports,快速阅读原文第八段落第一句话:Australia is recognised as one of the most sports-conscious nations in the world. 原文说recognised,题目说not realized,是not加同义词,答案为Wrong。