Hauling yourself up by the bootstraps has never been easy. But computers do this every time they are turned on-hence the verb "to boot". Booting a computer takes valuable time, compounded by the rebooting that is inevitably necessary whenever a computer freezes.
The reason that this process takes so long is that a computer's operating system must be loaded from its hard disk into its random-access memory (RAM) every time the machine is turned on. Unlike magnetic tapes or hard disks, RAM is an electric form of memory. It is, in effect, an array of tiny capacitors which, when charged, represent a binary "1" and, when not charged, represent a binary "o". This has allowed them to be much faster than magnetic memory, in which the binary digits ("bits") are represented by magnetically polarised regions rather than electric charges. The big problem with electric memory, however, is that it is volatile-the capacitors have to be recharged frequently so that they can continue to remember a"1". When a computer is turned off, they lose all the data stored in them.
The race has been on to build nonvolatile high-speed memories that will allow computers to be turned on and off like televisions. Whichever technology wins is almost certain to be used in all new computers, so the stakes are high. Motorola, IBM, and Hewlett-Packard are all developing magnetic RAM (MRAM) which seems poised to become the nonvolatile technology of choice. Both Motorola and IBM have announced plans to bring the technology to market within 18 months, advancing their initial target date of 2004. Besides turning instantly on, computers equipped with such chips would consume less power, making the technology ideal for satellites and portable gizmos.
MRAM works by etching a grid of criss-crossing wires on a chip in two layers-with the horizontal wires being placed just below the vertical wires. At each intersection, a "magnetic tunnel junction" (MTJ) is created that serves as a switch-and thus as a repository for a single bit of memory. The MTJ is essentially a small magnet whose direction is easily flipped. Common materials for the MTJ include chromium dioxide and iron-cobalt alloys.
Earlier this year, Motorola unveiled a prototype MRAM chip that stores 256 kilobits and has a cycle time for reading and writing data of less than 50 nanoseconds (billionths of a second). That puts it in the same league as conventional dynamiC-RAM (DRAM) chips. IBM, collaborating with Germany's Infineon Technologies, has developed a one megabit (million bit) MRAM chip at its laboratories in East Fishkill, New York.
There is still a long way to go before MRAM is ready for prime time. Neither IBM nor Motorola, for instance, is expected to go into mass production until they prove that they can make 256 megabit chips-the standard memory module used today. But, as total sales of computer memory in 2000 were estimated by Semico Research Corporation to have been worth $48 billion, manufacturers have a considerable incentive to ensure that MRAM becomes a serious challenger for DRAM'S crown.
1. By the word “volatile”(Line 7, Paragraph 2), the author means _________.
[A]difficult to start.
[B]slow running.
[C]time-consuming.
[D]easy to lose data.
2. How does the author feel about the future of MRAM?
[A]Optimistic.
[B]Discouraging.
[C]Confused.
[D]Indifferent.
3. When mentioning “the stakes are high”(Line 3, Paragraph 3) the author means ___________.
[A]the risks are very high
[B]the payments are very good
[C]the applications are very wide
[D]the users are very satisfied
4. Why are Motorola, IBM, and HP all developing MRAM?
[A]they are most likely to have big profits.
[B]there is a severe competition among them.
[C]turning-on computer takes too much time for their users.
[D]the working speed of the computer is so slow.
5. Which of the following is not the characteristic of the computer equipped with MRAM?
[A]instant turning-on and turning-off.
[B]less consumption of power.
[C]huge memory module
[D]lasting stored data.
答案：DABAC
篇章剖析
本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了能够达到瞬间开机的磁存储器的开发原因、运做原理以及具体的研究及开发情况。第一段指出开机和关机花费时间；第二段分析其原因，把电存储器和磁存储器进行了对比；第三段指出这种磁存储器的性能优势；第四段指出磁存储器的运做原理；第五段指出这种磁存储器的最新开发情况；最后一段指出磁存储器的发展前景。
词汇注释
poise [pCiz] vt. 使(重量)相等, 使(保持)平衡, 使悬着；作(投标枪一样的)姿势; 使(头等)保持一定姿势[位置]；仔细考虑; 使作好准备；使悬而不决, 犹豫, 踌躇
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory的缩写)动态随机存取存储器；［动态随机接达记忆器］
a run for one’s money [口] 1. 激烈的竞争2. 出了钱(或力)而得到的满足
haul [hC:l] vt. 拖, 拉, 曳；硬拖；强迫做硬拖强拉(特别用于审讯)
bootstrap [5bu:tstrAp] n. 引导程序;自举技术［设备］;【动】自举,引导;［靴带式;启动程序］
boot [5bu:t] vt. n.启动，引导
compound[5kRmpaJnd]v.使增加；增加
reboot [ri:5bu:t] vt. n. 重新启动，重新引导
RAM=Random Access Memory 随机存取存贮器
volatile [5vClEtail] adj. (液体等)挥发(性)的, 易发散的；轻快的, 轻浮的；易变的, 短暂的; 非永久性的；易失的(电源切断后信息消失); 反复无常的
stake [steik] n. [pl.] 赌物; 赌金；[pl.]奖金[品]；利害关系, 风险；(下在投机生意上的)股本[份]
of choice优先选择的，在同一类或同一组中比别的更受欢迎的，精选的
gizmo n. 小发明，新玩艺儿，小物件(忘记了名字、不知道名称或不道出名称时使用的词)
grid [^rid] n. 格栅, 格子；【电】(蓄电池中的)铅板；【无】栅极
etch [etF] vt, vi. (常与on, upon连用)(用酸在金属上)蚀刻
criss-crossing n. 十字交叉形
magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) 磁隧道结
repository [rI5pRzItErI; (?@) -tC:rI] n. 贮藏室, 智囊团, 知识库, 仓库
flip vi.【非正式用语】翻转，颠倒；突然转向
chromium dioxide 二氧化铬
Iron-Cobalt alloy铁钴合金
prime time n. 黄金时段，黄金时间(通常指晚间七时至11时电视观众最多的时段)
难句突破
Booting a computer takes valuable time, compounded by the rebooting that is inevitably necessary whenever a computer freezes.
主体句式：Booting a computer takes time …
结构分析：本句是一个简单句。现在分词短语“booting a computer”做句子主语；“compounded”之前省去了“which is”；“by”的成分是伴随状语；“that”引导定语从句来修饰“rebooting”；“whenever”引导时间状语从句。
句子译文：启动计算机要花费宝贵时间，但每当计算机死机后，重新启动又是不可避免、绝对必要的，这就更花时间。
题目分析
1．答案为D，属猜词题。这是一个在文中出现频率较高的单词。第一段指出开机和关机花费时间；第二段分析其原因，把电存储器和磁存储器进行了对比：电存储器比磁存储器快，但是它的缺点是“it is volatile”，句子“When a computer is turned off, they lose all the data stored in them.”是对这个单词做出的解释。
2. 答案为A，属情感态度题。原文对应信息是“But, as total sales of computer memory in 2000 were estimated by Semico Research Corporation to have been worth $48 billion, manufacturers have a considerable incentive to ensure that MRAM becomes a serious challenger for DRAM'S crown.”
3. 答案为B，属推理判断题。无论哪种技术取胜，该技术肯定会在所有新计算机里被采用，而且据Semico市场调研公司估计，2000年电脑内存的总销售额是480亿美元，因此对于制造商来说，这是相当大的刺激因素来保证使MRAM成为代替DRAM的一个真正的挑战者。由此，我们可以说回报是相当高的。
4. 答案为A，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是“But, as total sales of computer memory in 2000 were estimated by Semico Research Corporation to have been worth $48 billion, manufacturers have a considerable incentive to ensure that MRAM becomes a serious challenger for DRAM'S crown.”
5. 答案为C，属事实细节题。从句子“Neither IBM nor Motorola, for instance, is expected to go into mass production until they prove that they can make 256 megabit chips-the standard memory module used today.”我们知道现在这些公司还不能生产出比标准模块更大的内存模块，因此选项C是不对的，其它选项在文中都可找到对应信息。
参考译文
使用靴带式引导程序使自己停下来总是很麻烦。但计算机每次被启动时却都总是这样，因而就有了动词“to boot”(引导，起动)。启动计算机要花费宝贵时间，但每当计算机死机后，重新启动又是不可避免、绝对必要的，这就更花时间。
这个过程花这么长时间的原因是，每当打开计算机时，计算机的操作系统必须从硬盘载入到随机存取存储器(RAM)。RAM跟磁带或硬盘不一样，它是电形式的存储器。电存储器实际上是一个由微小电容器组成的阵列。当被充电时，这些电容器代表二进制的“1”，不充电时，则代表“0”。这一特性使它比磁存储器的速度更快，因磁存储器中的二进制数字(比特)是由磁极化区而不是由电荷表示的。然而，电存储器的大问题是，断电后信息即刻消失——电容器必须频繁地重复充电才能使它们继续记住“1”。当断开计算机电源时, 它们便会丢失掉所有存储的数据。
制造一种能使计算机像电视机那样能随时开关的非易失性高速储存器的竞争一直在进行。无论哪种技术取胜，该技术肯定会在所有新计算机里被采用，因此，回报是相当高的。摩托罗拉、IBM和惠普都在开发磁性随机存取存储器(MRAM)，这种存储器似乎有成为业界优先选择的非易失性存储技术的趋势。摩托罗拉和IBM都公布了在18个月内让技术进入市场的计划，使他们原来确定的目标日期(2004年) 有所提前。除了立即启动的功能外，装有这种芯片的计算机的耗能也将大大较低，使该技术成为卫星和便携式小玩艺儿的理想选择。
磁性随机存取存储器(MRAM)的运行是通过在两层芯片上蚀刻十字交叉形导线格栅——横向导线在垂直导线之下。这样，在每个交叉点就产生一个充当开关的磁隧道结(MTJ) ——因此也就产生了一个存储单个内存位(bit)的贮藏室。磁隧道结实质上是一块很容易转向的小磁铁。制作磁隧道结的通用材料有二氧化铬和铁钴合金。
今年年初，摩托罗拉公司推出了它最新开发的MRAM 芯片原型。该存储器可存储256 千比特，读写数据的周期时间低于50 纳秒(一秒钟的十亿分之一)。这使它与常规动态随机存储器(DRAM)芯片一样处在同一个同盟之中。IBM与德国英飞凌技术公司合作，在其位于纽约东费什基尔的实验室开发出一块1兆(百万位) MRAM芯片。
在MRAM存储器达到万事齐备、只欠东风之前还有一段很长的路要走。无论是IBM，还是摩托罗拉，在他们证明他们能生产出256 兆字节的芯片——这是今天所使用的标准内存模块——之前，都不能期望进入大量生产阶段。但据Semico市场调研公司估计，2000年电脑内存的总销售额是480亿美元，因此，对于制造商来说，这是相当大的刺激因素来保证使MRAM成为代替DRAM的一个真正的挑战者。